神经网络模型在北海市空气日报污染指数计算中的应用

根据空气质量日报的实际需要,引入了Excel软件神经网络技术建立空气质量日报污染指数计算模型,采用LM算法提高了计算精度,并将模型应用于北海市空气日报。结果表明:此法较之实际公式计算法更加快捷方便,并且计算结果相当吻合。     

近50 a三江源地区蒸发量的变化特征及其影响因子分析

选用青海省三江源地区1964~2013年14个气象台站观测的基本气象数据,利用线性倾向性估计和Mann-Kendall检验方法等分析了三江源地区蒸发皿蒸发量的时空变化和变化趋势,并以完全相关分析方法进行蒸发量上升成因分析。结果表明:三江源地区年蒸发量总体呈显著上升趋势,其线性变化速率为30.1 mm/10 a,夏秋冬季蒸发量均呈显著上升变化,春季变化趋势不明显,夏季和秋季蒸发量上升对年蒸发量上升贡献最大;逐月蒸发量变化趋势均增加,但幅度各异;冬季蒸发量在2011年发生了突变,其余各季和年均未发生突变.蒸发量月际变化规律明显,表现为双峰型分布,双峰出现在5月和7月,最小值出现在1月;季节变化也十分明显,夏季蒸发量最大,其次为春季和秋季,冬季蒸发量最少,表明春夏两季蒸发量的多少对三江源地区水循环起重要作用。年和四季蒸发量呈现出西北部少,东南部及东北部多的分布特点,气候变化速率分布自西向东逐渐增大。蒸发量年际变化不剧烈,年蒸发量变异系数从西北向东南逐渐增大,四季蒸发量变异系数空间分布明显不同。年蒸发量与平均气温总体上呈正相关,与气温日较差、相对湿度呈负相关,平均气温上升、气温日较差和相对湿度下降是三江源地区蒸发量上升的主要因素。     

Health risks associated with heavy metals in the drinking water of Swat, northern Pakistan

The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were investigated in drinking water sources （surface and groundwater） collected from Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The potential health risks of heavy metals to the local population and their possible source apportionment were also studied. Heavy metal concentrations were analysed using atomic absorption spectrometer and compared with permissible limits set by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were higher than their respective permissible limits, while Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations were observed within their respective limits. Health risk indicators such as chronic daily intake （CDI） and health risk index （HRI） were calculated for adults and children separately. CDIs and HRIs of heavy metals were found in the order of Cr 〉 Mn 〉 Ni 〉 Zn 〉 Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Pb and Cd 〉 Ni 〉 Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Zn, respectively. HRIs of selected heavy metals in the drinking water were less than 1, indicating no health risk to the local people. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses showed that geologic and anthropogenic activities were the possible sources of water contamination with heavy metals in the study area.     

Differentiated emission control strategy based on comprehensive evaluation of multi-media pollution: Case of mercury emission control

In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impact of multi-media mercury pollution under differentiated emission control strategies in China, a literature review and case studies were carried out. Increased human exposure to methylmercury was assessed through the dietary intake of residents in areas surrounding a typical coal-fired power plant and a zinc(Zn) smelter, located either on acid soil with paddy growth in southern China, or on alkaline soil with wheat growth in northern Chi...     

Patterns and dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in food products in China

The health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) to human being should be assessed regularly. To evaluate the contamination levels in various food products in the Chinese market and to assess the dietary exposure of the Chinese population, 11 varieties of food groups totaling 634 samples including beef and mutton, chicken and duck, pork, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products were evaluated. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs in all groups ranged from 0.291 to 8.468 pg/g whole weight (w.w.). The average toxic equivalency concentrations were from 0.012 pg TEQ/g w.w. for cereal to 0.367 pg TEQ/g fat for marine oil. OCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF were the dominant congeners in foodstuffs. The dietary estimated mean intake for the Chinese rural and urban populations were 0.656 and 0.514 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, respectively, however, the cereal group exposure were higher to the estimate daily intake and contributed 81% for rural and 48% for urban population, followed by fish and seafood which contributed 4% and 16% to the estimate daily intake. The estimated dietary intakes were compared with the toxicological reference values and showed that both rural and urban populations were well below those values.     

日本污水处理厂的监测探讨

探讨了日本滋贺县湖南中部净化中心化验室水质分析管理、在线仪表管理、监测数据分析利用和相关监测试验.介绍了化验室水质分析项目,常用水质分析仪器的维护管理,工艺在线仪表监测管理,以及常用在线仪表的维护管理等内容.揭示了溶解氧、氧化还原电位、五日生化需氧量污泥负荷、污泥龄、好氧污泥龄和PAC添加量等监测数据的综合分析利用有助于提高脱氮除磷效率和节约运行成本.指出相关监测试验是提升运行管理水平的重要手段.     

杭州城区室内灰尘中多溴联苯醚的含量及人体暴露水平

为了评估杭州城区室内灰尘中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)污染程度,2013年3~8月,在杭州城区随机采集19个办公室、家庭和学生宿舍的室内灰尘样品.用GC-ECD定量分析了样品中14种PBDEs同系物的含量水平、同系物分布和可能的影响因素,并估算了成年人和儿童通过灰尘摄入对PBDEs的暴露水平.结果表明,办公室Σ14PBDEs的平均值9.28×102ng·g-1,中值为1.03×103ng·g-1;家庭Σ14PBDEs的平均值7.83×102ng·g-1,中值为9.11×102ng·g-1;学生宿舍Σ14PBDEs的平均值4.07×102ng·g-1,中值为4.03×102ng·g-1,办公室的污染水平高于居住环境.BDE-209是贡献值最大的单体,其贡献值为75.48%,其次分别是BDE-190、BDE-154和BDE-71.成年人和儿童通过灰尘摄入的PBDEs暴露水平分别为13.12~32.63 ng·d-1和32.40~54.54 ng·d-1,灰尘中儿童的PBDEs人体暴露量高于成人的人体暴露量,主要是因为儿童灰尘摄入量要高于成人.分析得出,从室内灰尘摄入的PBDEs存在健康隐患,儿童潜在危害最大.     

南水北调中线工程总干渠河南段原水中消毒副产物前体物变化规律

以取自南水北调中线总干渠河南段沿线10个分水口门的原水为研究对象,探究了原水中有机物的相对分子质量分布和亲疏水性分布规律;并且研究了原水在氯化和氯胺化条件下消毒副产物生成潜能的变化规律.分离实验结果表明,南水北调沿程原水中的有机物以小分子和强疏水性为主,1×103区间的溶解性有机碳(DOC)所占的比例最大,质量分数约为57%,强疏水性组分的DOC含量最高,占到总量的50%左右;氯化及氯胺化消毒副产物生成潜能分析实验结果表明,氯化及氯胺化后主要生成了两种含碳消毒副产物(三氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷)和两种含氮消毒副产物(二氯乙腈和三氯硝基甲烷).氯化三氯甲烷生成潜能约为120μg·L-1,与氯化生成潜能相比,氯胺化三氯甲烷生成潜能减少了90%左右,一溴二氯甲烷减少了84.9%左右,生成的两种含氮消毒副产物增加了,其中二氯乙腈的生成量增加了约2.3倍,但总含氮消毒副产物生成潜能仍旧较低,均小于6μg·L-1.本研究成果可为南水北调中线工程河南段沿线城市的水厂工艺选择和优化提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

TMDL中MOS的定量估算方法及其应用

为了分析TMDL水污染控制管理模式中安全临界值MOS的影响因素,采用FOEA法对MOS中模拟计算的不确定性进行定量估算,通过不同水质达标率条件下MOS的设定,探讨水环境管理中不确定性因素对MOS的影响;将TMDL应用于珠江三角洲佛山水道的水环境管理中,运用动态水环境数学模型、考虑潮周期达标率的环境容量优化模型及遗传算法对TMDL进行求解.研究结果表明,所采用的FOEA法能较为准确地反映模型的不确定性对MOS的影响,而且从水质达标率的角度出发能合理地考察环境管理中的不确定性因素对MOS的影响,为定量化探讨MOS的设定给出了可行的求解思路及方法.     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.